Permeable Pavement

Building parking lots, driveways and roads using permeable pavement helps to restore natural infiltration to the landscape and reduce impacts to watercourses by allowing rainwater to slowly infiltrate into the ground. Some contaminants are removed from the stormwater as it infiltrates slowly through the gravel sub-base and into the native soil.

Perforated Pipe Systems

Perforated pipe systems are usually combined with other pre-treatment best management practices such as vegetated swales or sediment traps to avoid clogging with sediment or hydrocarbons. Pollutants are filtered out of the stormwater as it infiltrates into the surrounding soils and the runoff helps to sustain groundwater recharge and maintain baseflows in nearby streams.

Bioretention and Rain Gardens

Bioretention is a stormwater infiltration practice that treats runoff from paved areas by using the natural properties of soil and vegetation to remove contaminants. Other names commonly used for these types of practices include rain gardens, bioswales, dry swales, stormwater planters and biofilters. This practice has the potential to provide significant improvements in contaminant removal over other stormwater infiltration practices due to the added treatment benefits of microbial activity and plant uptake. By increasing infiltration and evapotranspiration, bioretention systems also help to recharge groundwater and reduce pollutant loads to watercourses.

Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting, storing and re-using rainwater that falls on a hard surface, typically a roof. Rainwater harvesting is a LID practice, which means that it provides opportunities for stormwater runoff to be filtered and infiltrate into the ground in an urban environment, helping to maintain the natural water cycle. Two common types of rainwater harvesting are rain barrels and cisterns. 

Soakaways, Infiltration Trenches and Chambers

Soakaways, infiltration trenches and chambers are LID techniques that typically consist of sub-surface reservoirs that store and infiltrate stormwater runoff. These techniques infiltrate runoff from roofs, walkways, parking lots, and are a useful for sites with limited space.

Enhanced Grass Swales and Dry Swales

An enhanced grass swale is a vegetated channel that is designed to collect, transport, treat and reduce stormwater runoff. Vegetation in the swale and check dams (if the slope of the swale is above 4%) slow down the flow of water in the channel and allow for sedimentation, filtration of pollutants in the water, and infiltration into the underlying soil. A dry swale is similar to an enhanced grass swale, but it also includes a soil filter media bed and optional perforated pipe underdrain which increases the rate of infiltration. The dry swale can also include bioretention cells or continuous segments comprised of grasses and/or other selected plantings running the length of the swale.

Downspout Disconnection

Downspout disconnection involves directing rainwater runoff from a roof to a permeable surface that will allow the water to infiltrate into the ground. This permeable surface is typically a vegetated area with good infiltration that is "disconnected" from a direct path to a storm sewer.